I'm frustrated," a pastor in New England confessed to the speaker at a pastor’s conference. "All I ever read about or hear about is leadership. All the books on pastoring seem to be about dynamic, strategizing, visionary leadership. My problem is, I don't feel I'm built for that. Can you help me?"

The pastor was confessing to Joseph Stowell, president of Moody Bible Institute. Stowell is in the business of building ministry leaders, and business is booming.

Maybe that's the problem. Business is booming.

Books on pastoral leadership today tend to emphasize business terminology, and the leading pastors of our day often appear to be successful in the business of the church.

Stowell empathized with the vexed pastor.

"What do your people expect of you?" Stowell asked. "Do you think they expect you to be a great leader? Or do they expect you to feed them, care for them, and love them?"

"Feed, care, and love them," the pastor said, visibly relieved.

"He felt such release," Stowell said, recalling the scene.

Many in pastoral leadership, however, continue to feel tension between the two—pastoring and leading. With high profile CEOs and mega church leaders as models, how do most pastors measure up? How can they?

For answers, we tried Stowell's approach: ask the congregations what kind of leadership they expect of their pastors, and compare their responses to the expectations pastors have for themselves. Our research team at Christianity Today International surveyed 168 pastors and 1,338 of their congregants. Our findings confirmed confidence in pastoral leadership, but also revealed that pastors and congregants fail to see eye-to-eye on many topics.

"This research does not criticize the heart or ministry of pastors, it simply affirms that they will have their most positive effect through the exercise of other gifts and offices," Barna told a pastors group. "Pastors are good people, well-educated and called to ministry, but perhaps not to the ministry of leadership."

Barna's findings, quite frankly, spurred our own research. If pastors aren't leaders, at least as defined in contemporary American culture, then what are they? Or is it that our definitions, given the nature of biblical and pastoral ministry, must be different?

When asked, "Do you consider yourself a leader?" 98 percent of pastors said yes, and 94 percent of congregants said they consider their pastor a leader. In addition, 94 percent of pastors have participated in some type of leadership training or made use of leadership resources. And 73 percent had identified their leadership styles. But what are they calling "leadership"?

Based on this definition, our survey confirmed some of Barna's concerns: Five in ten pastors said they use "shepherding" and "bridge building" leadership styles. About four in ten said their styles are "directional," "team building," and "visionary." (Multiple answers were allowed).

One in three admitted not having the styles associated with Barna's definition: "visionary," "strategizing," "re-engineering," and "entrepreneurial."

About the "v" word: 36 percent of pastors said they are visionary leaders, 32 percent said they are not.

More pastors preferred the language of the shepherd to that of the visionary or engineer. They identified as their primary leadership styles those that are nurturing and personal. They lean away from the more organizational approach to leadership.

As one who considers "leadership" a distinct spiritual gift, mega church pastor Mike Slaughter downplays the traditional shepherd duties. He stresses similarities between business and church leadership.

"Most churches has never seen a real leader," Slaughter said. Leadership, in this model, is a visionary, motivational, process-driven type of leadership that urges a church toward accomplishing group goals.

Stowell also believes in strong leadership, but he concedes that many pastors are not leaders in the business kind of way.

"Perhaps we have taken more the corporate model of leadership and imposed that into pastoral ministry, as if Jack Welch (the head of GE) were the premium pastor in America," Stowell said. "That, I think, is creating deep levels of frustration for pastors in America today. They can't live up to that standard."

"There's tremendous pressure on pastors to be leaders," said Wayne Schmidt, pastor of Kentwood Community Church in Michigan. "There's a desire among pastors to meet that expectation. I think because of that, quite frankly, we tend to overrate our leadership ability."

Convinced that what worked there will work for others in his denomination, Slaughter train others to take a dynamic commitment to evangelism and discipleship to congregations starving for leadership. He recently sent a group of Ginghamsburg members to lead a nearby congregation north of Dayton.

"Five lay people are leading this little country church. They've never been to seminary; they're not ordained; they don't have any of the credentials. But the church members are saying things like, 'we've never heard preaching this good. We've never had someone come in and organize vacation Bible school,'" Slaughter said.

"Before, their pastors were caregivers. They married, buried, visited, and met those people's expectations of what a pastor is supposed to do. But they didn't lead them in the mission of Jesus to win the lost and set the oppressed free…. What is this saying about our concept of ordained ministry?"

Here is the debate: is pastoring leading? In our survey, most pastors said yes. Most emphasize their role as teacher and shepherd.

Teaching was cited by 80 percent of pastors as one of their spiritual gifts, with 38 percent saying that it's their primary gift. Shepherding was mentioned as a spiritual gift by 62 percent and the primary gift for 23 percent. Gifts like evangelism, giving, helping, and mercy registered lower in our survey.

"If you are teaching, you're certainly involved in leadership because you're using God's Word to direct the life of the congregation," said John Koessler, chairman of the pastoral studies department at Moody Bible Institute. "And if you're engaged in real shepherding, you're definitely involved in leadership because the shepherd wants to move the flock from one place to another in their spiritual journey."

"The rabbis led through their teaching and they were seen as leaders, as focal points in the community, because of what they knew about God," Stowell observed. "Jesus led through his teaching and care of the disciples."

The longer a pastor stays with a congregation, the more likely he is to see himself as their shepherd. Only 53 percent of pastors serving at a church less than five years said shepherding was a primary spiritual gift, compared to 73 percent of ministers with longer tenures.

Interestingly, "exhortation" (preaching to motivate change) goes the opposite direction. Only 32 percent of pastors in the same church more than five years said exhortation was one of the their gifts, while 51 percent of ministers with shorter terms said they have the gift of exhortation.

"We tend to generalize our leadership so that a lot of pastoral functions fall under the category of leader that previously would not have been seen that way," Schmidt says. "Shepherding can be a form of leadership, but also I think many times it's simply the way a pastor functions."

He frequently reminds himself that stepping into the pulpit is only one small part of leadership. "Sometimes with the teaching gift you're thinking, if I really teach how biblically important it is to have small groups, then I've provided leadership in that area. But often the work of leadership involves far more behind-the-scenes orchestration of people and events to move toward a common goal. Teaching, then, can become a substitute for the hard work of leading, rather than a catalyst."

As we explored pastoral strengths and weaknesses, several interesting gaps emerged between the assessments of pastors and church members. Some may be attributed to pastors' modesty or to the limited exposure of congregants to some aspects of pastoral ministry. But the view from the pew looks good in all areas but one: team building.

First the lauds. Those in the pews see church leaders in spiritual terms. More congregants than pastors believe their pastors are spiritually healthy (84% of congregants vs. 68% of pastors), enthusiastic (74% vs. 65%), inspiring (64% vs. 42%), helpful (66% vs. 49%), thoughtful (61% vs. 49%), and self-confident (57% vs. 38%).

Of 29 traits we asked them to rate, only three appeared in both the pastors' and congregations' top nine: enthusiastic, loyal, and trusting. Of all these statistics, one stands out as key for the pastor-congregant relationship: the congregants' views on trust.

"We live in a world where leaders are tarnished," Stowell said. "We have a cynical view of political and corporate leaders, especially after Enron. People long to have someone they can look to and trust. Congregants want desperately to trust their spiritual leaders."

Congregants are less likely to describe pastors in the business-oriented and group-dynamic terms that pastors picked: adaptable (48% of congregants vs. 72% of pastors), flexible (46% vs. 65%), analytical (29% vs. 54%), and practical 48% vs. 60%).

The greatest disparity is over issues of time management, vision and goals, and leading people.

Church members gave their pastors higher marks for managing time well (45% of congregants vs. 25% of pastors). In fact, while 46 percent of pastors called time management their greatest weakness, only 14 percent of church members agreed; 27 percent called administration a weakness of theirs, 14 percent of church members agreed. More congregants than pastors said the pastor focuses well on goals (55% vs. 42% of pastors).

Church growth consultant Bill Easum says these gaps emerge from a fundamental misunderstanding about what God has called pastors to do. "I really don't think lay people know what their pastors do, and I don't think they know what the Scriptures say they should do."

As in most of our surveys, pastors were harder on themselves than their people were—except in one noteworthy area: building a unified team.

Our survey reports an 18-percent gap in the pastor's "ability to function as a team player" (53% of congregants called it a strength vs. 71% of pastors). And we found a 13-percent gap in "ability to build consensus" (30% of congregants called it a strength vs. 43% of pastors).

Congregants can have the impression that the pastor is a Lone Ranger. Maybe because they don't know all that goes on at church when they're not there. Or because they don't think about church much between Sundays, or at best, between committee meetings.

But even though pastors think they're doing well at creating a team—rallying people around a goal and keeping them up to speed—the people don't sense it. The pastors' leadership challenge is to stay only a few steps ahead as guides, rather than miles ahead as scouts.

These gaps are probably common for leaders in any position of authority. "We pastors tend to overestimate our team-playing capabilities," Schmidt says. "It may involve some unwitting condescension toward lay people: 'This is my church, I understand it better, so you're welcome to be on my team.' There's not much give-and-take in the process. I think, quite frankly, we're viewed as being more rigid than we want to admit ourselves being, and more controlling of certain things."

Since their call to ministry, 57 percent of pastors say their calling hasn't changed, though the way they fulfill it has. Age and experience are factors here: seven in ten pastors over age 50 said the fulfillment of their calling has changed, while only five in ten pastors younger than 50 answered similarly.

We asked, "Are you fulfilling your calling by using your gifts and strengths, or does your work require of you skills you don't feel you have?" One-third of pastors with fewer than 10 years of service said they must sometime operate outside their gifting; 18 percent of pastors with more than 10 years experience said the same thing.

Kevin Dixon laments working away from his primary interests and spiritual gifts. "My heart's desire is to invest a lot of time in developing new leaders. It's probably where I'm most gifted and where I'd love to spend all my time," said Dixon, a pastor in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. "But I don't get that privilege because I'm managing and administering a new church, which I enjoy. But I find myself always with too many balls in the air, and I'm not as effective as I could be."

The good news, Kevin, is that it gets better with age. Some pastors move to new positions or reshape their existing positions to better suit their gifts. Others report developing new skills that fit both God's calling and their congregations' needs.

Over time, most pastors grow more comfortable in that place between God's call, their gifts, and the congregation's needs. Stowell reached that place in his ministry just a few years ago, at age 50. He says at that landmark birthday a switch flipped.

"Somebody said to me, 'Just make sure your weaknesses don't tank you and give your attention to your strengths,'" Stowell recalls. "Maximize who God built you to be. Stop trying to be someone you're not."